Greenback Cutthroat Trout
They have dark, round spots on the sides and tail and two colorful blood-red stripes on each side of the throat under the jaw, hence the name "cutthroat."
About This Species
Native trout. Though presumed to be extinct by 1937, several wild populations of what were thought to be greenback cutthroat trout were discovered in the South Platte and Arkansas basins starting in the late 1950s. These discoveries launched an aggressive conservation campaign that replicated those populations across the landscape so that they could be down-listed from endangered to threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Momentum for preserving these native jewels continued to build, and in 1994, the greenback was designated as Colorado's state fish. Efforts to establish new populations were proceeding along a track that suggested the recovery plan benchmarks might soon be met, and the subspecies could be delisted entirely. Recent genetic work on museum and extant populations however suggests that in fact the true native cutthroat of the South Platte basin (and heir to the name greenback cutthroat trout), can be found in only a single stream outside their native range. Aggressive recovery efforts have been implemented to replicate this population, with the first reintroduction in the wild occurring in August 2014.
Researching and Protecting Cutthroat Trout
There are four native subspecies of cutthroat trout in Colorado: the Colorado River Cutthroat, the Rio Grande Cutthroat, the Snake River Cutthroat and the native Greenback Cutthroat trout. Colorado researchers are also currently attempting to find the thought-extinct Yellowfin Cutthroat trout. All subspecies of cutthroat trout are the subject of conservation efforts and research by multiple state and federal agencies.
The beautiful and vibrant cutthroat trout gets its name from the red slash under its jaw. The cutthroat's medley of colors and spots make it one of the most cherished fish among Colorado anglers. Colorado is home to three subspecies of native cutthroat: the Rio Grande, Colorado River and the renowned greenback, which was designated Colorado's state fish in 1994. But, despite its iconic stature, the plight of the cutthroat has been both challenging and uncertain. For decades, cutthroat trout populations have declined throughout the western United States.
Working with a consortium of state and federal wildlife agencies, Trout Unlimited and other conservation groups, Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) has developed an aggressive conservation strategy to help restore native cutthroat populations. A key component of cutthroat conservation is egg-collection, hatchery and stocking programs.
Genetic research led by University of Colorado scientists has produced several fascinating discoveries about Colorado's native cutthroat trout - including the location of the last surviving wild population of the federally protected greenback cutthroat trout.
Researchers analyzed DNA extracted from wild trout and from museum specimens collected from sites around Colorado and New Mexico as far back as 1856, then used that genetic data as a baseline for understanding the current distribution of Colorado's native cutthroat trout.
In addition to identifying the one remaining "true" greenback population, researchers identified two distinct genetic lineages within the range of Colorado River cutthroat trout, one in northwest Colorado and the other centered around the Gunnison River basin. Further research will be needed to understand the relationship between these two lineages.
In all, six lineages of cutthroat appear to have evolved in Colorado, with native ranges that roughly correspond to major drainage basins in the state. The greenback cutthroat trout, Colorado's state fish, was native to the drainages of the South Platte, while the long extinct yellowfin cutthroat trout of Twin Lakes actually appears to have been the native trout of the Arkansas River Basin. Rio Grande cutthroat trout still can be found in streams that drain into the San Luis Valley, while a lineage that used to call the San Juan basin home appears to be extinct as well. More research will be required to resolve whether the remaining two lineages that can be found across Colorado’s western slope are indeed two distinct subspecies – that work is ongoing.
Given that additional lineages of our native cutthroat trout were identified with the DNA testing, we wanted to determine if these lineages displayed different physical characteristics as well. This is particularly important since it has been argued that genetics should not be the sole factor in determining taxonomic distinctions, and that morphological traits (visual characteristics) are often better suited for discriminating taxa. A recent comprehensive study examined the relationship between the differences implied by the DNA and the morphology of these fish. Indeed, it appears that these new lineages can also be identified by examining morphological traits as well.
A key element of cutthroat trout conservation involves the ability to take fertilized eggs from wild populations. Progeny from these operations are used for founding new populations in waters that have been cleared of nonnative fish that otherwise replace cutthroat trout or hybridize with them. Where habitats home to pure cutthroat trout have been invaded by nonnative salmonids, it important to replicate those populations before they wink out. Improving methods for obtaining fertilized eggs in the wild will facilitate those efforts.
Like many coldwater fish species, cutthroat trout will face numerous additional challenges in a warming climate (see Dan Isaak's climate blog). State and federal researchers teamed up with Dr. Kurt Fausch of Colorado State University to develop a robust approach for synthesizing the myriad factors that will influence the persistence of remaining 121 individual conservation populations of Rio Grande cutthroat trout to 2080. Recently published as a featured paper in the North American Journal of Fisheries Management titled “Predicting persistence of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout populations in an uncertain future”, the study found that although streams are predicted to warm by 2080, less than 10% of populations will be adversely affected. In contrast, nearly 65% are predicted to be extirpated (or nearly so) by nonnative trout that have already invaded or are expected to soon. Many populations will require the help of managers if they are to persist well into the 21st century. A manual for running the model can be found by clicking the link below.
Trappers Lake historically was home to Colorado’s premier wild Colorado River cutthroat trout fishery. Unfortunately, a variety of factors have served to suppress the current population as well as marginalize the value of the fishery due to introgression with Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Recent genetic surveys have revealed that the remaining cutthroat trout are a hybrid swarm. Reduced cutthroat trout numbers have been attributed to a burgeoning brook trout population that is now being thinned by fall trapping efforts. In addition, whirling disease invaded the population in the late 1990s, and has now firmly established itself suppressing recruitment of cutthroat trout further. In an effort to control the spread of the disease, anglers are reminded to decontaminate their gear after fishing at Trappers Lake particularly before heading into the higher elevation lakes such as Little Trappers Lake that remain free of the parasite.
Researching and Protecting Cutthroat Trout
There are four native subspecies of cutthroat trout in Colorado: the Colorado River Cutthroat, the Rio Grande Cutthroat, the Snake River Cutthroat and the native Greenback Cutthroat trout. Colorado researchers are also currently attempting to find the thought-extinct Yellowfin Cutthroat trout. All subspecies of cutthroat trout are the subject of conservation efforts and research by multiple state and federal agencies.
The beautiful and vibrant cutthroat trout gets its name from the red slash under its jaw. The cutthroat's medley of colors and spots make it one of the most cherished fish among Colorado anglers. Colorado is home to three subspecies of native cutthroat: the Rio Grande, Colorado River and the renowned greenback, which was designated Colorado's state fish in 1994. But, despite its iconic stature, the plight of the cutthroat has been both challenging and uncertain. For decades, cutthroat trout populations have declined throughout the western United States.
Working with a consortium of state and federal wildlife agencies, Trout Unlimited and other conservation groups, Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) has developed an aggressive conservation strategy to help restore native cutthroat populations. A key component of cutthroat conservation is egg-collection, hatchery and stocking programs.
Genetic research led by University of Colorado scientists has produced several fascinating discoveries about Colorado's native cutthroat trout - including the location of the last surviving wild population of the federally protected greenback cutthroat trout.
Researchers analyzed DNA extracted from wild trout and from museum specimens collected from sites around Colorado and New Mexico as far back as 1856, then used that genetic data as a baseline for understanding the current distribution of Colorado's native cutthroat trout.
In addition to identifying the one remaining "true" greenback population, researchers identified two distinct genetic lineages within the range of Colorado River cutthroat trout, one in northwest Colorado and the other centered around the Gunnison River basin. Further research will be needed to understand the relationship between these two lineages.
In all, six lineages of cutthroat appear to have evolved in Colorado, with native ranges that roughly correspond to major drainage basins in the state. The greenback cutthroat trout, Colorado's state fish, was native to the drainages of the South Platte, while the long extinct yellowfin cutthroat trout of Twin Lakes actually appears to have been the native trout of the Arkansas River Basin. Rio Grande cutthroat trout still can be found in streams that drain into the San Luis Valley, while a lineage that used to call the San Juan basin home appears to be extinct as well. More research will be required to resolve whether the remaining two lineages that can be found across Colorado’s western slope are indeed two distinct subspecies – that work is ongoing.
Given that additional lineages of our native cutthroat trout were identified with the DNA testing, we wanted to determine if these lineages displayed different physical characteristics as well. This is particularly important since it has been argued that genetics should not be the sole factor in determining taxonomic distinctions, and that morphological traits (visual characteristics) are often better suited for discriminating taxa. A recent comprehensive study examined the relationship between the differences implied by the DNA and the morphology of these fish. Indeed, it appears that these new lineages can also be identified by examining morphological traits as well.
A key element of cutthroat trout conservation involves the ability to take fertilized eggs from wild populations. Progeny from these operations are used for founding new populations in waters that have been cleared of nonnative fish that otherwise replace cutthroat trout or hybridize with them. Where habitats home to pure cutthroat trout have been invaded by nonnative salmonids, it important to replicate those populations before they wink out. Improving methods for obtaining fertilized eggs in the wild will facilitate those efforts.
Like many coldwater fish species, cutthroat trout will face numerous additional challenges in a warming climate (see Dan Isaak's climate blog). State and federal researchers teamed up with Dr. Kurt Fausch of Colorado State University to develop a robust approach for synthesizing the myriad factors that will influence the persistence of remaining 121 individual conservation populations of Rio Grande cutthroat trout to 2080. Recently published as a featured paper in the North American Journal of Fisheries Management titled “Predicting persistence of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout populations in an uncertain future”, the study found that although streams are predicted to warm by 2080, less than 10% of populations will be adversely affected. In contrast, nearly 65% are predicted to be extirpated (or nearly so) by nonnative trout that have already invaded or are expected to soon. Many populations will require the help of managers if they are to persist well into the 21st century. A manual for running the model can be found by clicking the link below.
More Information:
Physical Characteristics
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Commonly Found
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Range
Greenbacks originally lived in the mountain and foothill areas of the South Platte river system in Colorado and part of Wyoming. Recent studies matching state-of-the-art genetic techniques with physical characteristics (such as spotting patterns) found that only one population remained that shared the genetic fingerprint with specimens collected in the late 1800s. Colorado Parks and Wildlife is culturing these fish in its hatchery system and has since reintroduced it into one additional water, with several more reintroductions within its native range soon to follow.
Habitat
Greenbacks prefer cold, clear, gravely headwater streams and mountain lakes which provide an abundant food supply of insects.
Diet
Greenbacks feed on aquatic and terrestrial insects, crustaceans such as fresh-water shrimp and small fish.
Reproduction
Spawning occurs usually from late May to mid-July in higher elevations. Male cutthroat spawn first at age two, and females mature a year later. Females build an egg pit in gravel generally three to eight inches deep and one foot in diameter. A 10-inch female will lay about 800 eggs. Larger fish of about four to seven pounds will lay up to 6,000 eggs.
Threats to Species
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Additional Information
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